What Is an MPC Wallet and How Does It Work

An MPC wallet uses advanced cryptography to split a private key into multiple parts. These parts are held by different parties or devices. Each part of the key remains separate, meaning no single person controls the entire key. This approach enables wallets to sign transactions together. It keeps control in the hands of the user and supports self-custody.

With an mpc wallet, users gain the benefits of a non-custodial crypto wallet and enhanced privacy. Self-custody reduces the risk of loss or theft, while the distributed signing process makes wallets more secure than a traditional cryptocurrency wallet.

• Key benefits of mpc wallets:

  • Users always maintain self-custody

  • No single device or person can compromise the wallet

  • Privacy stays protected throughout every transaction

Key Takeaways

• MPC wallets split private keys into multiple parts held by different devices or parties, preventing any single point of failure.

• Users keep full control of their assets with self-custody, reducing risks of theft or loss common in traditional wallets.

• Transactions are signed collaboratively off-chain, enhancing privacy and speeding up approvals compared to multisig wallets.

• Threshold signatures allow transactions to be approved even if some devices are lost or offline, improving fault tolerance.

• MPC wallets offer stronger security and privacy than single-key, multisig, cold, or smart contract wallets by never reconstructing the full key.

• Institutions and individuals benefit from MPC wallets through enhanced security, flexible governance, and easier recovery options.

• Choosing the right MPC wallet involves balancing security needs, provider reputation, and usability features like backup and approval policies.

• Future trends include wider adoption, AI integration, and improved user experience to make MPC wallets safer and more accessible.

How MPC Wallets Work

Key Splitting

MPC wallets use a process called key splitting to protect private key security. Instead of storing a single private key in one place, the wallet divides the key into multiple cryptographic shares. Each share represents a piece of the original key, but no single share can reveal the full key on its own. This method forms the foundation of secure key management in multi-party computation.

Distribution

The wallet distributes these key shares across several devices or parties. For example, one share might stay on a user’s phone, another on a hardware security module, and a third with a trusted backup provider. This distribution ensures that no single device or person can access the entire private key. Even if one device is lost or compromised, the mpc wallet remains secure as long as the required threshold of shares is available.

Distributing key shares across multiple locations removes the single point of failure found in traditional wallets. This approach increases resistance to attacks and supports fault tolerance, allowing wallets to continue operating even if some shares become unavailable.

Storage

Each device or party stores its key share in a secure environment. Many mpc wallets use secure processing units or trusted execution environments to protect these shares. The shares never leave their storage location or combine to reconstruct the full private key. This design keeps private key security intact, even if a hacker gains access to one device. The wallet’s architecture also supports auditability and transparency, as open-source cryptographic libraries and third-party certifications verify the security of the storage process.

Transaction Signing

MPC wallets use collaborative transaction signing to authorize digital asset transactions. This process relies on multi-party computation, where each party uses its key share to participate in the signing operation.

Collaboration

When a user initiates a transaction, the wallet prompts each participating device or party to compute its part of the signature. The parties communicate over encrypted channels, often using zero-trust networks to prevent eavesdropping. No single party ever sees the full private key. Instead, the mpc protocol allows all parties to work together and generate a valid signature for the transaction.

• Collaborative signing in mpc wallets offers several advantages:

  • Real-time transaction execution, reducing delays common in multisig wallets.

  • Off-chain signature computation, which lowers transaction costs and avoids smart contract vulnerabilities.

  • Granular governance, with programmable policies and multi-tiered approval workflows.

    
    

Thresholds

MPC wallets use threshold signature schemes to balance security and usability. The wallet sets a threshold number of shares required to sign a transaction. For example, a wallet might split the key into five shares but require only three to approve a transaction. This threshold system provides flexibility and fault tolerance. If one device is lost or unavailable, the wallet can still process digital asset transactions as long as the threshold is met.

• Key performance and security features of threshold signing include:

  1. Enhanced fault tolerance, since the wallet continues to function with missing shares.

  2. Increased resistance to attacks, as an attacker must compromise multiple shares to access funds.

  3. Scalability, allowing organizations to adjust thresholds for different security needs.

MPC wallets never reconstruct the full private key during signing. Each party’s share remains confidential, and the signature emerges only through the collaborative process. This approach ensures non-custodial control, robust private key security, and reliable key management for all types of digital asset transactions.

Secure Multi-Party Computation

What Is MPC

Secure multi-party computation (MPC) is a cryptographic protocol that allows several parties to compute a result together without revealing their private data to each other. Each participant holds a piece of the input, and the protocol ensures that no one learns anything except the final output. This approach protects sensitive information and enables secure collaboration.

Researchers began developing multi-party computation in the 1970s. The field advanced quickly, with key milestones such as the introduction of secure two-party computation in 1982 and the extension to multi-party settings in 1987. Today, secure multi-party computation forms the backbone of many privacy-preserving technologies, including digital wallets.

Secure multi-party computation uses advanced mathematics to split secrets, such as private keys, into multiple shares. Each share stays confidential, and only a specific combination of shares can reconstruct the secret or perform a computation.

The cryptographic basis of MPC relies on protocols like Shamir’s Secret Sharing, BGW, GMW, and SPDZ. These protocols use mathematical techniques to ensure that secrets remain safe, even if some parties become compromised.

Application in Wallets

MPC plays a critical role in digital wallet security. By splitting private keys into multiple shares and distributing them among different parties or devices, wallets can prevent any single point of failure. This method ensures that no one can access the full private key, even if one share is compromised.

Since 2010, secure multi-party computation has seen rapid adoption in digital asset security. Regulatory compliance and data privacy concerns have driven this trend. Integration with blockchain technology has further enhanced security for decentralized applications and financial transactions. User-friendly MPC frameworks now make this technology accessible to more people, not just experts.

• Key trends in MPC wallet adoption:

  • Cloud-based MPC solutions support real-time collaboration and scalability.

  • Advances in cryptographic algorithms improve speed and efficiency.

  • MPC helps organizations comply with data protection laws like GDPR.

  • Industry applications include secure transaction signing in finance, privacy-preserving data analysis in healthcare, and protection against crypto theft in wallets.

  • AI and edge computing optimize MPC computations, reducing latency.

MPC wallets, such as ZenGo, Unbound, Tangem, Curve, and Gnosis Safe, demonstrate the practical benefits of this technology. These wallets split key management across multiple parties, requiring collaboration to authorize transactions. This approach enhances security, decentralization, and user control over assets. Real-world incidents, like the private key leaks at Raydium Protocol and Wintermute, show the importance of robust key management. MPC prevents such losses by ensuring that no single party can compromise the wallet.

Secure multi-party computation enables privacy and security in digital asset management by allowing multiple parties to jointly sign transactions without exposing their private key shares. This process eliminates single points of failure, increases resilience against attacks, and supports regulatory compliance. Despite challenges like communication costs and complexity, the security benefits of MPC in wallet protection outweigh these limitations.

MPC Wallet Security

No Single Point of Failure

MPC wallets stand out in digital asset security because they remove the single point of failure that plagues traditional wallets. In a standard wallet, a single private key controls access to funds. If someone steals or loses this key, the assets become vulnerable. MPC changes this model by splitting the private key into several encrypted fragments. Each fragment stays on a different device or with a different person. The wallet never reconstructs the full key in one place.

• Key differences between MPC wallets and traditional wallets:

  • MPC wallets split private keys into multiple fragments distributed across devices or nodes.

  • The full private key is never reconstructed or stored in one place.

  • Traditional wallets rely on a single private key, creating a single point of failure.

  • Multisig wallets require multiple private keys, but a majority can still collude.

  • MPC wallets use encrypted shares, off-chain signing, and flexible threshold schemes.

This approach means that an attacker must compromise several devices at once to breach the wallet. For example, a DeFi protocol might distribute key shares among team members in different time zones. Even if one device is lost, the mpc wallet remains secure. This structure provides an extra layer of security and supports robust security for high-value applications.

Several high-profile crypto attacks, such as the Badger DAO and EasyFi breaches, exploited single points of failure in private key management. By decentralizing private key shards, MPC wallets prevent these types of losses.

Resistance to Hacks

MPC wallets offer strong resistance to hacks by decentralizing control and using advanced cryptography. Hackers often target wallets with a single private key or weak two-factor authentication. In 2021, attackers stole millions from platforms like Vulcan Forged and Dego by compromising private keys. These incidents highlight the risks of centralized key storage.

MPC wallets address these risks by requiring multiple parties to approve each transaction. The wallet never exposes the full private key, even during signing. Attackers must breach several independent devices or nodes to gain access. This requirement makes large-scale hacks much harder to execute.

A statistical analysis estimated that adopting MPC-based decentralized authentication could save crypto wallets up to $99 million per year and exchanges up to $660 million per year. The analysis reviewed 122 crypto attacks in 2020 and found that decentralized authentication, offline support, and proof-based multi-factor authentication in MPC wallets reduce risks from private key theft, phishing, and malware.

Privacy Benefits

MPC wallets also enhance privacy for users. The wallet never reveals the full private key to any single party, device, or server. Each participant only sees its own encrypted share. During transaction signing, the parties communicate securely without exposing sensitive information.

This privacy model protects users from both external hackers and internal threats. Even if someone gains access to one device, they cannot learn anything about the other key shares or the full private key. The wallet’s design supports compliance with privacy regulations and helps organizations meet strict data protection standards.

MPC technology allows wallets to provide digital asset security without sacrificing user privacy. By keeping key shares confidential and using secure multi-party computation, the wallet ensures that sensitive data stays protected at all times.

MPC vs. Traditional Wallets

Single-Key Wallets

Single-key wallets represent the most basic form of digital asset storage. These wallets use one private key to control access to funds. The user must protect this key at all times. If someone steals or loses the key, the assets become vulnerable. Many popular wallets, such as MetaMask and imToken, use this model. Users enjoy full control and anonymity, but they also bear all the risks.

A single-key wallet creates a single point of failure. Hackers often target these wallets because one breach can lead to total loss. In 2024, centralized exchanges lost about $694 million due to attacks on custodial wallets. Single-key wallets store the entire private key in one place, making them easy targets for theft or loss.

MPC wallets address these risks by splitting the private key into several shares. Each share stays on a different device or with a different person. The wallet never reconstructs the full key in one place. This distributed approach removes the single point of failure and makes hacking much harder.

Single-key wallets offer simplicity and full user control, but they lack advanced security features. An mpc wallet provides stronger protection by using distributed key management.

Multisig Wallets

Multisig wallets require multiple signatures to approve a transaction. For example, a wallet might need two out of three people to sign before sending funds. This setup increases security compared to single-key wallets. It also supports shared control for teams or organizations.

However, multisig wallets have some drawbacks. All signing activity appears on the blockchain, which can reduce privacy. The process can also be slow and inflexible. Once set, the rules cannot change easily because of blockchain immutability. Users must pay extra transaction fees for each signature.

MPC wallets improve on multisig wallets by keeping the signing process off-chain. The wallet uses secure computation to generate signatures without exposing the private key or the approval process. This method protects privacy and allows for faster, more flexible transactions. Users can set custom approval policies and change them as needed.

• Key differences between multisig and mpc wallet solutions:

  • Multisig wallets expose signing activity on-chain.

  • MPC wallets keep approvals private and off-chain.

  • Multisig wallets have rigid rules; mpc wallet policies are flexible.

    
    

Cold Wallets

Cold wallets store private keys offline, away from internet threats. Hardware wallets and paper wallets are common examples. These wallets offer strong protection against online attacks. Many people use cold wallets for long-term storage of large amounts of cryptocurrency.

While cold wallets provide excellent security, they can be inconvenient for daily use. Users must connect the wallet to a computer or device to make transactions. This process takes time and can be complex for beginners. If someone loses the hardware device or paper, the assets may become unrecoverable.

MPC wallets combine strong security with better usability. The wallet splits the private key into shares stored on different devices. Users can approve transactions from multiple locations without exposing the full key. This setup offers both convenience and protection. Some mpc wallet providers also offer cloud backup and recovery options, reducing the risk of permanent loss.

Cold wallets offer strong offline security, but mpc wallet solutions provide a balance of safety and everyday usability.

Smart Contract Wallets

Smart contract wallets use blockchain-based code to manage digital assets. These wallets rely on programmable rules written into smart contracts. Users can set custom permissions, recovery options, and spending limits. Many decentralized applications and DeFi platforms use smart contract wallets for advanced features.

Smart contract wallets offer several benefits. They allow users to automate complex tasks, such as recurring payments or multi-step transactions. These wallets support social recovery, which lets users regain access if they lose their credentials. Developers can add new features by updating the smart contract code. This flexibility attracts both individuals and organizations.

However, smart contract wallets face unique challenges. Every action, including approvals and changes, appears on the blockchain. This transparency can reduce privacy. Hackers sometimes exploit bugs in smart contract code, leading to asset loss. Users must pay network fees for each transaction, which can become expensive during periods of high demand.

MPC wallets address many of these issues. They use advanced cryptography to split private keys into multiple shares. No single device or person holds the entire key. This design keeps transaction details confidential among signers until execution. MPC wallets never reconstruct the full key in one place, which enhances both security and privacy.

Smart contract wallets provide programmable control, but MPC wallets focus on cryptographic soundness and privacy. Each approach serves different needs in the digital asset ecosystem.

A comparison of MPC wallets and smart contract wallets highlights key differences:

• Key features of MPC wallets in real-world deployments:

  • Private keys never fully reconstructed, which improves security and privacy.

  • Threshold signature schemes require only a subset of participants to approve transactions.

  • Compromising one share does not expose the full key.

  • User-friendly workflows for transaction approval and execution.

  • Documentation and testing validate security, correctness, and usability.

    
    

Smart contract wallets excel at programmability and automation. MPC wallets lead in privacy, cryptographic security, and operational efficiency. Users and organizations should choose the wallet type that best matches their needs for control, privacy, and compliance. Both wallets play important roles in the evolving digital asset landscape.

Benefits and Drawbacks

Advantages

Security

MPC wallets offer a strong security foundation for digital asset management. By splitting private keys into multiple shares, these wallets remove the single point of failure that traditional wallets face. Each share stays on a different device or with a different person, making it much harder for attackers to steal funds. Threshold signatures allow several authorized parties to approve transactions together, which prevents unauthorized access even if one device is compromised. Research shows that protocols like CGGMP21 provide robust security guarantees and support high operational efficiency. Byzantine Fault Tolerance algorithms also help keep the wallet running smoothly, even if some servers fail or face attacks.

Privacy

MPC technology enhances privacy by ensuring that no single party ever sees the full private key. Homomorphic encryption allows computations on encrypted data, so sensitive information stays hidden during transaction signing. This approach helps users meet privacy regulations and keeps their data safe from both external hackers and internal threats. The signing process happens off-chain, which means transaction approvals remain confidential and do not appear on public blockchains. Users benefit from privacy protection without sacrificing control over their assets.

Efficiency

MPC wallets deliver impressive efficiency for both individuals and organizations. Technologies like MPC-CMP enable transaction signing in a single round, making the process up to eight times faster than older MPC algorithms. Batch verification lets users validate multiple signatures at once, which reduces transaction costs and lowers gas fees. On-chain signing removes the need for centralized servers, streamlining transaction approval and cutting infrastructure expenses. Many MPC wallets provide APIs and SDKs for easy integration with existing security systems, and user feedback highlights their streamlined interfaces and improved experience compared to traditional wallets.

Tip: Secure recovery options in MPC wallets eliminate the need for complicated recovery phrases, making asset recovery simpler and safer.

Limitations

Complexity

MPC wallets use advanced cryptography, which can make them more complex to set up and manage than single-key or basic multisig wallets. Users and organizations must understand how to distribute and protect key shares across multiple devices or parties. This complexity may require extra training or support, especially for those new to digital asset security.

Costs

While MPC wallets can lower transaction fees through batch verification and efficient signing, they may involve higher initial setup costs. Organizations might need to invest in secure hardware, cloud services, or professional support to deploy and maintain these wallets. The advanced cryptographic protocols also demand more resources for development and integration.

Performance

Although MPC-CMP and similar technologies have improved transaction speed, some MPC wallets may still experience delays during peak usage or when coordinating among many parties. Communication between devices can introduce latency, especially if network conditions are poor. Performance may vary depending on the specific implementation and the number of participants involved in each transaction.

Use Cases

Institutions

Institutions such as exchanges, hedge funds, and family offices require secure and compliant solutions for managing digital assets. MPC wallets address these needs by offering advanced security, automation, and governance features. Platforms like Liminal provide MPC and multi-signature wallet infrastructure tailored for institutional custody, staking, and wallet operations. They serve a wide range of enterprise clients, including OTC firms, market makers, and private equity groups. Key features include insured custody, compliance controls, and automated workflows.

The Fireblocks industry report highlights that MPC wallets have become the leading solution for institutional custody. These wallets solve challenges like single points of failure and support robust governance. Institutions benefit from features such as threshold signature schemes, flexible authorization, and trade limits. The report also notes that both digital native and traditional financial institutions trust MPC wallets for secure asset management. EY’s involvement as a strategic collaborator further validates institutional adoption.

Institutions choose MPC wallets for their ability to distribute private key shares, prevent unauthorized access, and support regulatory requirements. These solutions help organizations manage risk and maintain operational efficiency.

• Key institutional benefits:

  • Enhanced security and recoverability

  • Automated governance and compliance

  • Support for large-scale custody operations

    
    

Individuals

Individual users seek wallets that combine security, privacy, and ease of use. MPC wallets appeal to these users by removing the need for a single private key and offering simple recovery options. Studies in China and Portugal show that behavioral beliefs, social influences, and perceived compatibility play important roles in mobile payment adoption. Compatibility, which aligns with the MPC concept, has a significant effect on user adoption and the intention to recommend wallet technology.

A study involving 459 mobile users found that perceived compatibility, security, and trust strongly influence the likelihood of adopting mobile payment wallets. MPC wallets address these factors by providing a user-friendly experience, strong security, and reliable recovery. Individuals can manage assets confidently, knowing that losing one device does not mean losing access to funds.

Users who value privacy and control often recommend MPC wallets to friends and family.

DeFi and Web3

The DeFi and Web3 ecosystems demand wallets that offer both security and seamless user experiences. MPC wallets meet these needs by using threshold security and key fragmentation. This approach requires multiple parties to cooperate for transaction approval, reducing the risk of single-point compromise.

• Key performance and market trends:

  • Wallet generation time and login speed affect user experience and adoption.

  • SDK download counts and active user numbers show market acceptance and trust.

  • DeFi platforms like Uniswap and Curve Finance now create their own wallets, reflecting a trend toward integrated user experiences.

  • The wallet landscape includes custodial, non-custodial, MPC, and smart contract wallets, showing growing sophistication.

MPC wallets improve recoverability by distributing encrypted key fragments across locations. Users can recover accounts if a key is lost. Accessibility increases as assets remain online and transactions execute efficiently. Smart contract wallets using Account Abstraction add features like two-factor authentication and transaction batching, further enhancing security and usability in DeFi and Web3.

Blockchain technology enables these innovations, supporting secure and programmable asset management across decentralized platforms.

Choosing an MPC Wallet

Security Needs

Selecting the right MPC wallet starts with a clear understanding of security needs. Every user or organization should consider how much risk they can tolerate and what level of protection they require for digital asset security. MPC wallets stand out because they eliminate single points of failure by distributing private key shares across multiple parties. This approach means attackers must compromise several parties to access the wallet, making it a strong self-custody option.

When defining security needs, users should compare MPC wallets with other wallet types. The table below highlights key differences:

MPC wallets use threshold signatures, which require a minimum number of shares to authorize transactions. This feature increases digital asset security, even if one device is lost or compromised. Hardware-based MPC wallets add another layer by storing shares offline in tamper-resistant devices. Users should also enable two-factor authentication, keep wallet software updated, and handle recovery seeds with care. These practices help maintain strong self-custody and protect against phishing or malware attacks.

Provider Selection

After identifying security needs, users should evaluate providers to find the best mpc wallets for their situation. Several criteria and performance metrics can help with this decision:

Users should look for providers with strong certifications, such as ISO 27001 or FIPS 140-3, and a proven track record in digital asset security. Integration with existing systems and support for cross-chain interoperability, such as ERC-4337, can improve operational continuity. Providers like Krayon and Fireblocks offer scalable, enterprise-grade solutions and have become popular choices among institutions.

The best mpc wallets offer encrypted backups, offline signing, and flexible approval policies. These features support robust key management and help users maintain self-custody over their assets.

Choosing the right MPC wallet involves balancing security, usability, and operational needs. By focusing on these criteria, users can protect their digital assets and ensure long-term success.

Future Trends

Adoption

MPC wallet technology continues to gain traction as digital asset security becomes a top priority for both individuals and institutions. The market for cryptocurrency wallets is expanding rapidly. Forecasts show the global wallet market could reach $48.27 billion by 2030, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 24.8% from 2023 to 2030. Some projections estimate the market will grow to $178.63 billion by 2034, with a 43% CAGR from 2024 to 2033. This growth reflects the rising demand for secure, user-friendly wallets that protect digital assets.

MPC wallets appeal to users who value enhanced security. By splitting private keys across multiple devices or parties, these wallets reduce the risk of theft or loss. Institutions and individuals with significant crypto holdings see MPC wallets as a preferred solution for safeguarding assets. The adoption curve for MPC wallets aligns with the broader trend toward robust security measures in the evolving cryptocurrency ecosystem.

Behavioral models also help explain this adoption. Factors such as perceived compatibility, personal innovativeness, and perceived critical mass influence whether users choose new wallet technologies. When users feel that MPC wallets fit their needs and lifestyles, they show more confidence and willingness to adopt. The minimum number of adopters needed for self-sustaining growth, known as perceived critical mass, also plays a key role in driving widespread acceptance.

As the need for secure and easy-to-use wallets grows, MPC wallet adoption is expected to accelerate across both consumer and institutional markets.

Innovation

Innovation in MPC wallet technology focuses on improving both security and usability. Industry experts highlight that many current wallet solutions remain too complex for average users. Research and development efforts aim to simplify the user experience while maintaining strong protection for digital assets.

Several trends shape the future of MPC wallet innovation:

1. AI Integration: Developers use artificial intelligence to enable real-time threat detection and anomaly monitoring. AI helps automate asset management, optimize transaction fees, and provide predictive analytics for better decision-making.

2. Behavioral Biometrics: Future wallets may use AI-driven behavioral biometrics for authentication, making access both secure and convenient.

3. DeFi Integration: MPC wallets increasingly connect with decentralized finance platforms, supporting automated lending, yield farming, and other advanced features.

4. Quantum Resistance: Researchers explore the combination of AI and quantum computing to develop algorithms that can withstand future quantum attacks.

5. Personalized Guidance: AI chatbots may soon offer users tailored financial advice and support within their wallets.

As MPC wallets evolve, developers must address challenges such as scalability, privacy, and regulatory compliance. Ongoing research ensures that these wallets remain adaptable and secure in a rapidly changing digital landscape.

Innovation in MPC wallets will likely continue to focus on making digital asset management safer, smarter, and more accessible for everyone.

MPC wallets use cryptography to split private keys, allowing multiple parties to control digital assets securely. This approach increases security, protects privacy, and improves usability for both individuals and institutions. Users benefit from self-custody and reduced risk of hacks. Some drawbacks include higher complexity and setup costs.

Institutions and tech-savvy users gain the most from MPC wallets today. As technology advances, more people will likely adopt MPC wallets for safer digital asset management.

FAQ

What makes an MPC wallet different from a multisig wallet?

MPC wallets use cryptography to split one private key into several shares. Multisig wallets require multiple separate keys. MPC keeps signing off-chain and private, while multisig actions appear on the blockchain.

Can someone recover an MPC wallet if a device is lost?

Yes. As long as the user still controls enough key shares to meet the threshold, they can recover access. Most MPC wallets offer backup and recovery options for lost devices.

Are MPC wallets suitable for beginners?

MPC wallets have become more user-friendly. Many providers offer simple interfaces and guided setup. Beginners can use them, but understanding basic security practices helps ensure safe usage.

Do MPC wallets support multiple cryptocurrencies?

Most MPC wallets support a wide range of cryptocurrencies and tokens. Users can manage assets across different blockchains in one wallet, making them versatile for both individuals and institutions.

How do MPC wallets protect against hacking?

MPC wallets never store the full private key in one place. Hackers must compromise several devices or parties at once to steal funds. This distributed approach makes attacks much harder.

Is there a risk of losing all assets if one party goes offline?

No. MPC wallets use threshold signatures. As long as enough parties remain online to meet the threshold, users can still approve transactions and access funds.

Do MPC wallets cost more than traditional wallets?

Some MPC wallets may have higher setup or service fees due to advanced security features. However, many providers offer competitive pricing, and the added protection often justifies the cost.

Can institutions customize approval policies in MPC wallets?

Yes. Institutions can set custom approval workflows, such as requiring multiple managers to sign large transactions. This flexibility supports strong governance and compliance.